Conservative Powers Challenge Iran's Moderate Leadership, Deepening Political Instability

Iran’s political landscape is growing increasingly unstable as the conservative faction moves decisively against President Masoud Pezeshkian's administration. The recent removal of Minister of Finance Abdolnaser Hemmati and former foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif from his vice presidency position has plunged the moderate government into chaos. This power struggle unfolds at a time when Iran is confronting severe economic issues, including soaring inflation, energy deficiencies, and diminishing diplomatic clout following the resurgence of a far more aggressive U.S. policy under the Trump administration.

On March 4, 2025, Pezeshkian, visibly frustrated, delivered a passionate response in Parliament, criticizing external pressures and internal deficiencies. He described the political atmosphere as a "full-fledged war" against external enemies, referencing the significant debts owed to crucial sectors of the economy, including agriculture and healthcare. The hardline Parliament, supported by conservative judiciary members, displayed a clear intention to marginalize Pezeshkian’s reform agenda, warning that more impeachments may follow.

Despite being democratically elected, Pezeshkian’s government stands on shaky ground as the conservative forces are determined to retain control, which has contributed to decreasing voter turnout in past elections. This ongoing power struggle not only underscores the tenuous position of moderates in Iran but also highlights the numerous struggles the nation faces at both a domestic and international level.