Nigeria is currently grappling with a spate of mass abductions. But the vast country - bigger than France and Germany combined - also faces many other security challenges.
Recent attempts by US President Donald Trump and his supporters to frame the insecurity purely as the persecution of Christians overlooks the complexity of Africa's most-populous nation.
There are more than 250 ethnic groups in Nigeria, which is roughly divided into a mainly Muslim north, a largely Christian south, with intermingling in the middle - and the government says people of all faiths have been victims of attacks.
There are criminal gangs in the north-west, an Islamist insurgency in the north-east, clashes over land in central regions and separatist unrest in the south-east - leaving the 400,000-strong army and the police force of 370,000 officers overstretched.
Here's a breakdown of the main armed groups and flashpoints:
'Bandits' - kidnap gangs
These criminal gangs, known locally as bandits, are largely composed of people from the Fulani ethnic group, who traditionally make their living by raising animals. They have traded their pastoral tools for assault rifles, which have flooded Nigeria - and other states in the region - since Libya descended into anarchy following the overthrow in 2011 of long-time strongman Muammar Gadaffi by Nato-backed forces.
The gangs are not motivated by any religious or political ideology but see kidnapping people for ransom as a quick and easy way to make money rather than walking for miles with their livestock in search of water and grazing land.
They typically move in large numbers on motorcycles, which makes them highly mobile and allows them to strike quickly and escape before the security forces can respond - a tactic used during two recent school abductions.
There is no centrally organized leadership - each gang, often drawn from one family or a specific community, tends to be loyal to its leader. The police have placed bounties on some of the notable leaders, including Ado Aleru and Bello Turji, and in 2022 the government designated the bandits as terrorists in a bid to stem their violence.
Aleru is from Yankuzo town - an area in the north-western state of Zamfara which has been a hub for bandit activity over the last three years.
The gangs, which sometimes fight one another, also travel to neighboring states and central regions to carry out kidnappings. They also prey on their local communities and are indiscriminate in their ransom demands. In some areas, they tax residents.
Younger bandits, some in their teens, are increasingly taking to TikTok to show off their ransom money, guns and motorcycles - and have garnered thousands of followers.
Boko Haram - jihadist group
This Islamist militant group became infamous around the world in 2014 for kidnapping more than 200 schoolgirls from the village of Chibok - around 90 of whom remain missing.
It evolved from a local Islamist sect founded in 2002 by Mohammed Yusuf in the north-eastern city of Maiduguri. Boko Haram was officially aiming to create an Islamic state and quickly turned to violence.
At one point, under leader Abubakar Shekau, Boko Haram controlled large territories in the north-east and imposed its rule over local populations.
The recent splintering of Boko Haram has given rise to other jihadist factions, which target both security forces and civilians, particularly in regions where infrastructure is lacking.
Conflict in Central Nigeria
The intercommunal violence between herders and farmers is presenting its own challenges in the Middle Belt as both communities continue to clash over grazing rights, resulting in numerous deaths and displacements.
Biafran Separatists
In the southeast, groups like the Indigenous People of Biafra (Ipob) push for the secession of the Igbo people. The ongoing violence has its roots in historical grievances dating back to the Biafran War, contributing to a cycle of violence that has engulfed many communities.
The situation in Nigeria demands urgent attention and a coordinated effort aimed at conflict resolution and humanitarian aid to the affected populations. A multifaceted solution is essential to tackle the threats posed by these various groups, protecting the livelihoods and rights of all Nigerians.
